- What are social determinants of health?
- What are determinants of health and how are they related to social determinants of health?
- Why is addressing the role of social determinants of health important?
- How is the World Health Organization addressing social determinants of health?
- What is NCHHSTP doing to address social determinants of health?
- How can I apply an approach that considers the social determinants of health to my work?
- Where can I find more information about social determinants of health?
- How do I contact the Office of Health Equity at CDC’s NCHHSTP with other questions?
What are social determinants of health?
Social determinants of health are economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities [1]. These conditions are shaped by the amount of money, power, and resources that people have, all of which are influenced by policy choices. Social determinants of health affect factors that are related to health outcomes. Factors related to health outcomes include:
- How a person develops during the first few years of life (early childhood development)
- How much education a persons obtains
- Being able to get and keep a job
- What kind of work a person does
- Having food or being able to get food (food security)
- Having access to health services and the quality of those services
- Housing status
- How much money a person earns
- Discrimination and social support
What are determinants of health and how are they related to social determinants of health?
Determinants of health are factors that contribute to a person’s current state of health. These factors may be biological, socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, or social in nature. Scientists generally recognize five determinants of health of a population [2, 3]:
- Genes and biology: for example, sex and age
- Health behaviors: for example, alcohol use, injection drug use (needles), unprotected sex, and smoking
- Social environment or social characteristics: for example, discrimination, income, and gender
- Physical environment or total ecology: for example, where a person lives and crowding conditions
- Health services or medical care: for example, access to quality health care and having or not having insurance
Figure 1. Estimates of how each of the five major determinants influence population health [4].
Other factors that could be included are culture, social status, and healthy child development. Figure 1 represents rough estimates of how much each of the five determinants contributes to the health of a population. Scientists do not know the precise contributions of each determinant at this time.
As the figure shows, in theory, genes, biology, and health behaviors together account for about 25% of population health. Social determinants of health represent the remaining three categories of social environment, physical environment/total ecology, and health services/medical care. These social determinants of health also interact with and influence individual behaviors as well. More specifically, social determinants of health refer to the set of factors that contribute to the social patterning of health, disease, and illness.
Why is addressing the role of social determinants of health important?
Addressing social determinants of health is a primary approach to achieving health equity. Health equity is “when everyone has the opportunity to ‘attain their full health potential’ and no one is ‘disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined circumstance'” [5]. Health equity has also been defined as “the absence of systematic disparities in health between and within social groups that have different levels of underlying social advantages or disadvantages—that is, different positions in a social hierarchy” [6]. Social determinants of health such as poverty, unequal access to health care, lack of education, stigma, and racism are underlying, contributing factors of health inequities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is committed to achieving improvements in people’s lives by reducing health inequities. Health organizations, institutions, and education programs are encouraged to look beyond behavioral factors and address underlying factors related to social determinants of health.
How is the World Health Organization addressing social determinants of health?
The World Health Organization (WHO) created the Commission on Social Determinants of Health to address social determinants of health [1]. The Commission uses the following three principles to guide its work in eliminating health inequities for local communities and nations and throughout the world:
Figure 2. World Health Organization’s Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework [1]
- Improve the conditions of daily life—the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
- Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources—the structural drivers of those conditions of daily life—globally, nationally, and locally.
- Measure the problem, evaluate action, expand the knowledge base, develop a workforce that is trained in the social determinants of health, and raise public awareness about the social determinants of health [1].
The commission created the conceptual framework below that describes relationships among individual and structural variables. The framework represents relationships among variables that are based on scientific studies or substantial evidence. The framework provides a point from which researchers can take action, such as creating targeted interventions, on social determinants of health.
What is NCHHSTP doing to address social determinants of health?
Some of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention‘s (NCHHSTP) health equity activities include—
- In 2008, the center held a consultation with over 100 academic, scientific, and public health experts and community leaders to discuss effective ways to address the social determinants of health of HIV, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and tuberculosis (TB). The goal was to identify future priorities and best practices for addressing societal factors that increase risk for these diseases and to inform the center’s efforts in accelerating the reduction of health inequities and the promotion of health equity. A report of this consultation was published as External Consultation Meeting Report—Addressing Social Determinants of Health: Accelerating the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB.
- In 2009, the center hosted a Corrections and Public Health Consultation. This forum was an opportunity for subject-matter experts from various sectors of the correctional system, public health, academia, and community partners to develop more effective ways to address several important issues, including health disparities in HIV, viral hepatitis, STD and TB among people who are incarcerated.
- NCHHSTP has work groups that focus on corrections, men who have sex with men, and health equity.
- Eliminating health inequities by addressing social determinants of health is one of six strategic directives for NCHHSTP and is addressed in the center’s strategic plan for 2010–2015.
- The center published the supplement for the July/August 2010 edition of Public Health Reports. The supplement presents innovations, advances, and insights regarding the role of social determinants in the spread of HIV, viral hepatitis, STDs and TB.
- Microfinance for Women is a research project aimed to identify key elements to include in the development of interventions to reduce and prevent the risk of HIV and STDs. These interventions are based on microenterprise for use among unemployed or underemployed African American women in the Southeast.
- Assessment of the Determinants of HIV Risk Factors for African American and Hispanic Women at Risk for HIV infection in the Southern United States is a cross-sectional study that uses a socioecological framework to examine the individual, psychological, sociocultural, environmental (contextual), and behavioral factors that may influence health and risk behaviors for heterosexual African American and Hispanic women, 18–59 years of age, who are at risk for HIV infection.
- The Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Community Outreach Initiative will develop information on STDs, SDH, and health equity to be incorporated into the curricula at Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Meharry Medical College, Howard University School of Medicine, and Morehouse School of Medicine. Information on STDs also will be delivered to other students at the colleges and universities and the surrounding communities of the schools.
- The National Study of Determinants of Early Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of TB in the African American community will examine data from a national sample of African Americans born in the United States to quantify time to diagnosis and treatment of TB, examine the roles of the patient, providers, laboratories, and TB programs that affect timeliness of diagnosis and treatment of African Americans, evaluate the impact timing has on transmission, and use findings to propose performance goals and indicators for TB programs to encourage faster diagnosis and treatment in this population.
How can I apply an approach that considers the social determinants of health to my work?
If your office is interested in developing work related to social determinants of health; the 2008 Consultation Meeting Report from NCHHSTP provides examples of opportunities and recommendations, for CDC and others, of future directions regarding social determinants of health in four areas:
- Public Health Policy: Provide leadership throughout CDC and align the efforts of NCHHSTP with those of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and WHO; convene a national agenda setting meeting; and partner with other federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private foundations, and philanthropic organizations that have an interest in reducing health inequities.
- Data Systems: Create relevant metrics for social determinants of health that would be monitored by subject matter experts; add social determinants of health to NCHHSTP’s data collection systems; and share, link, and integrate data to the extent possible to facilitate analyses and provide an evidence base, including identifying and using data sets and systems from other agencies.
- Agency Partnerships and Capacity Building: Enhance partnerships from both traditional and nontraditional sources to strengthen the social determinants of health effort; build capacity among partners in social determinants of health by including language in funding opportunity announcements; and launch a nationwide social marketing campaign to strengthen the relationship between CDC and populations that are at risk and to engage a broader group of partners.
- Prevention Research and Evaluation: Reframe traditional strategies and broaden targeted groups; integrate a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to conducting prevention research; and move toward participatory research that engage communities from the beginning to the end—from conceptualizing studies through the evaluation of their impact and outcomes.
Where can I find more information about social determinants of health?
More information is available from a variety of sources, including the following publications and web sites.
Web sites
- World Health Organization
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health
- Office of Minority Health’s National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities
- National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) Health Equity and Social Justice
- The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)
- Healthy People 2020
Publications
- Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Editors Erik Blas and Anand Sivasankara Kurup. 2010, World Health Organization: Geneva.
- Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 2008, World Health Organization: Geneva.
- Hillemeier, M., Lynch, J., Harper, S., Casper, M., Data Set Directory of Social Determinants of Health at the Local Level. 2004, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta.
- Brennan Ramirez LK, Baker EA, Metzler M. Promoting Health Equity: A Resource to Help Communities Address Social Determinants of Health. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.
- Hofrichter, R., Bhatia, R. (Eds.) Tackling Health Inequities through Public Health Practice: Theory to Action. 2010, Oxford University Press.
- Raphael, D., ed. Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives. 2004, Canadian Scholars’ Press Toronto.
- Marmot, M.G. and R.G. Wilkinson, Social determinants of health. 2nd ed. 2006, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. x, 366 p.